§ 1522. Research and development

(a) Definition of policy

In this section, the term “policy” means a policy, plan of insurance, provision of a policy or plan of insurance, and related materials.

(b) Reimbursement of research, development, and maintenance costs

(1) Research and development payment

(A) In general

The Corporation shall provide a payment to an applicant for research and development costs in accordance with this subsection.

(B) Reimbursement

An applicant who submits a policy under section 1508 (h) of this title shall be eligible for the reimbursement of reasonable research and development costs directly related to the policy if the policy is approved by the Board for sale to producers.

(2) Advance payments

(A) In general

Subject to the other provisions of this paragraph, the Board may approve the request of an applicant for advance payment of a portion of reasonable research and development costs prior to submission and approval of the policy by the Board under section 1508 (h) of this title.

(B) Procedures

The Board shall establish procedures for approving advance payment of reasonable research and development costs to applicants.

As a condition of eligibility for advance payments, an applicant shall submit a concept proposal for the policy that the applicant plans to submit to the Board under section 1508 (h) of this title, consistent with procedures established by the Board for submissions under subparagraph (B), including—

(i) a summary of the qualifications of the applicant, including any prior concept proposals and submissions to the Board under section 1508 (h) of this title and, if applicable, any work conducted under this section;

(ii) a projection of total research and development costs that the applicant expects to incur;

(iii) a description of the need for the policy, the marketability of and expected demand for the policy among affected producers, and the potential impact of the policy on producers and the crop insurance delivery system;

(iv) a summary of data sources available to demonstrate that the policy can reasonably be developed and actuarially appropriate rates established; and

(v) an identification of the risks the proposed policy will cover and an explanation of how the identified risks are insurable under this subchapter.

(D) Review

(i) Experts If the requirements of subparagraph (B) and (C) are met, the Board may submit a concept proposal described in subparagraph (C) to not less than 2 independent expert reviewers, whose services are appropriate for the type of concept proposal submitted, to assess the likelihood that the proposed policy being developed will result in a viable and marketable policy, as determined by the Board.

(ii) Timing The time frames described in subparagraphs (C) and (D) of section 1508 (h)(4) of this title shall apply to the review of concept proposals under this subparagraph.

(E) Approval

The Board may approve up to 50 percent of the projected total research and development costs to be paid in advance to an applicant, in accordance with the procedures developed by the Board for the making of such payments, if, after consideration of the reviewer reports described in subparagraph (D) and such other information as the Board determines appropriate, the Board determines that—

(i) the concept, in good faith, will likely result in a viable and marketable policy consistent with section 1508 (h) of this title;

(ii) in the sole opinion of the Board, the concept, if developed into a policy and approved by the Board, would provide crop insurance coverage—

(I) in a significantly improved form;

(II) to a crop or region not traditionally served by the Federal crop insurance program; or

(III) in a form that addresses a recognized flaw or problem in the program;

(iii) the applicant agrees to provide such reports as the Corporation determines are necessary to monitor the development effort;

(iv) the proposed budget and timetable are reasonable; and

(v) the concept proposal meets any other requirements that the Board determines appropriate.

(F) Submission of policy

If the Board approves an advanced payment under subparagraph (E), the Board shall establish a date by which the applicant shall present a submission in compliance with section 1508 (h) of this title (including the procedures implemented under that section) to the Board for approval.

(G) Final payment

(i) Approved policies If a policy is submitted under subparagraph (F) and approved by the Board under section 1508 (h) of this title and the procedures established by the Board (including procedures established under subparagraph (B)), the applicant shall be eligible for a payment of reasonable research and development costs in the same manner as policies reimbursed under paragraph (1)(B), less any payments made pursuant to subparagraph (E).

(ii) Policies not approved If a policy is submitted under subparagraph (F) and is not approved by the Board under section 1508 (h) of this title, the Corporation shall—

(I) not seek a refund of any payments made in accordance with this paragraph; and

(II) not make any further research and development cost payments associated with the submission of the policy under this paragraph.

(H) Policy not submitted

If an applicant receives an advance payment and fails to fulfill the obligation of the applicant to the Board by not submitting a completed submission without just cause and in accordance with the procedures established under subparagraph (B)) ^[1], including notice and reasonable opportunity to respond, as determined by the Board, the applicant shall return to the Board the amount of the advance plus interest.

(I) Repeated submissions

The Board may prohibit advance payments to applicants who have submitted—

(i) a concept proposal or submission that did not result in a marketable product; or

(ii) a concept proposal or submission of poor quality.

(J) Continued eligibility

A determination that an applicant is not eligible for advance payments under this paragraph shall not prevent an applicant from reimbursement under paragraph (1)(B).

(3) Marketability

The Corporation shall approve a reimbursement under paragraph (1) only after determining that the policy is marketable based on a reasonable marketing plan, as determined by the Board.

(4) Maintenance payments

(A) Requirement

The Corporation shall reimburse maintenance costs associated with the annual cost of underwriting for a policy described in paragraphs ^[2] (1).

(B) Duration

Payments with respect to maintenance costs may be provided for a period of not more than four reinsurance years subsequent to Board approval for payment under this subsection.

On the expiration of the 4-year period described in subparagraph (B), the approved insurance provider responsible for maintenance of the policy may—

(i) maintain the policy and charge a fee to approved insurance providers that elect to sell the policy under this subsection; or

(ii) transfer responsibility for maintenance of the policy to the Corporation.

(D) Fee

(i) Amount Subject to approval by the Board, the amount of the fee that is payable by an approved insurance provider that elects to sell the policy shall be an amount that is determined by the approved insurance provider maintaining the policy.

(ii) Approval The Board shall approve the amount of a fee determined under clause (i) for maintenance of the policy unless the Board determines that the amount of the fee—

(I) is unreasonable in relation to the maintenance costs associated with the policy; or

(II) unnecessarily inhibits the use of the policy.

(5) Treatment of payment

Payments made under this subsection for a policy shall be considered as payment in full by the Corporation for the research and development conducted with regard to the policy and any property rights to the policy.

(6) Reimbursement amount

The Corporation shall determine the amount of the payment under this subsection for an approved policy based on the complexity of the policy and the size of the area in which the policy or material is expected to be sold.

(1) Authority

The Corporation may enter into contracts to carry out research and development to—

(A) increase participation in States in which the Corporation determines that—

(i) there is traditionally, and continues to be, a low level of Federal crop insurance participation and availability; and

(ii) the State is underserved by the Federal crop insurance program;

(B) increase participation in areas that are underserved by the Federal crop insurance program; and

(2) Underserved agricultural commodities and areas

(A) Authority

The Corporation may enter into contracts under procedures prescribed by the Corporation with qualified persons to carry out research and development for policies that promote the purposes of paragraph (1).

(B) Consultation

Before entering into a contract under subparagraph (A), the Corporation shall consult with groups representing producers of agricultural commodities that would be served by the policies that are the subject of the research and development.

(3) Qualified persons

A person with experience in crop insurance or farm or ranch risk management (including a college or university, an approved insurance provider, and a trade or research organization), as determined by the Corporation, shall be eligible to enter into a contract with the Corporation under this subsection.

(4) Types of contracts

A contract under this subsection may provide for research and development regarding new or expanded policies, including policies based on adjusted gross income, cost-of-production, quality losses, and an intermediate base program with a higher coverage and cost than catastrophic risk protection.

(5) Use of resulting policies

The Corporation may offer any policy developed under this subsection that is approved by the Board.

(6) Research and development priorities

The Corporation shall establish as one of the highest research and development priorities of the Corporation the development of a pasture, range, and forage program.

(7) Study of multiyear coverage

(A) In general

The Corporation shall contract with a qualified person to conduct a study to determine whether offering policies that provide coverage for multiple years would reduce fraud, waste, and abuse by persons that participate in the Federal crop insurance program.

(B) Report

Not later than 1 year after June 20, 2000, the Corporation shall submit to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate a report that describes the results of the study conducted under subparagraph (A).

(8) Contract for revenue coverage plans

The Corporation shall enter into a contract for research and development regarding one or more revenue coverage plans that are designed to enable producers to take maximum advantage of fluctuations in market prices and thereby maximize revenue realized from the sale of an agricultural commodity. A revenue coverage plan may include the use of existing market instruments or the development of new market instruments. Not later than 15 months after June 20, 2000, the Corporation shall submit to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate a report that describes the results of the contract entered into under this paragraph.

(9) Contract for cost of production policy

(A) Authority

The Corporation shall enter into a contract for research and development regarding a cost of production policy.

(B) Research and development

The research and development shall—

(i) take into consideration the differences in the cost of production on a county-by-county basis; and

(ii) cover as many commodities as is practicable.

(10) Contracts for organic production coverage improvements

(A) Contracts required

Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, the Corporation shall enter into 1 or more contracts for the development of improvements in Federal crop insurance policies covering crops produced in compliance with standards issued by the Department of Agriculture under the national organic program established under the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6501 et seq.).

(B) Review of underwriting risk and loss experience

(i) Review required

(I) In general A contract under subparagraph (A) shall include a review of the underwriting, risk, and loss experience of organic crops covered by the Corporation, as compared with the same crops produced in the same counties and during the same crop years using nonorganic methods.

(II) Requirements The review shall—

(aa) to the maximum extent practicable, be designed to allow the Corporation to determine whether significant, consistent, or systemic variations in loss history exist between organic and nonorganic production;

(bb) include the widest available range of data collected by the Secretary and other outside sources of information; and

(cc) not be limited to loss history under existing crop insurance policies.

(ii) Effect on premium surcharge Unless the review under this subparagraph documents the existence of significant, consistent, and systemic variations in loss history between organic and nonorganic crops, either collectively or on an individual crop basis, the Corporation shall eliminate or reduce the premium surcharge that the Corporation charges for coverage for organic crops, as determined in accordance with the results.

(iii) Annual updates Beginning with the 2009 crop year, the review under this subparagraph shall be updated on an annual basis as data is accumulated by the Secretary and other sources, so that the Corporation may make determinations regarding adjustments to the surcharge in a timely manner as quickly as evolving practices and data trends allow.

(i) In general A contract under subparagraph (A) shall include the development of a procedure, including any associated changes in policy terms or materials required for implementation of the procedure, to offer producers of organic crops an additional price election that reflects actual prices received by organic producers for crops from the field (including appropriate retail and wholesale prices), as established using data collected and maintained by the Secretary or from other sources.

(ii) Timing The development of the procedure shall be completed in a timely manner to allow the Corporation to begin offering the additional price election for organic crops with sufficient data for the 2010 crop year.

(iii) Expansion The procedure shall be expanded as quickly as practicable as additional data on prices of organic crops collected by the Secretary and other sources of information becomes available, with a goal of applying this procedure to all organic crops not later than the fifth full crop year that begins after the date of enactment of Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008.

(D) Reporting requirements

(i) In general The Corporation shall submit to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate an annual report on progress made in developing and improving Federal crop insurance for organic crops, including—

(I) the numbers and varieties of organic crops insured;

(II) the development of new insurance approaches; and

(III) the progress of implementing the initiatives required under this paragraph, including the rate at which additional price elections are adopted for organic crops.

(ii) Recommendations The report shall include such recommendations as the Corporation considers appropriate to improve Federal crop insurance coverage for organic crops.

(11) Energy crop insurance policy

(A) Definition of dedicated energy crop

In this subsection, the term “dedicated energy crop” means an annual or perennial crop that—

(i) is grown expressly for the purpose of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased products; and

(ii) is not typically used for food, feed, or fiber.

(B) Authority

The Corporation shall offer to enter into 1 or more contracts with qualified entities to carry out research and development regarding a policy to insure dedicated energy crops.

Research and development described in subparagraph (B) shall evaluate the effectiveness of risk management tools for the production of dedicated energy crops, including policies and plans of insurance that—

(i) are based on market prices and yields;

(ii) to the extent that insufficient data exist to develop a policy based on market prices and yields, evaluate the policies and plans of insurance based on the use of weather or rainfall indices to protect the interests of crop producers; and

(iii) provide protection for production or revenue losses, or both.

(12) Aquaculture insurance policy

(A) Definition of aquaculture

In this subsection:

(i) In general The term “aquaculture” means the propagation and rearing of aquatic species in controlled or selected environments, including shellfish cultivation on grants or leased bottom and ocean ranching.

(ii) Exclusion The term “aquaculture” does not include the private ocean ranching of Pacific salmon for profit in any State in which private ocean ranching of Pacific salmon is prohibited by any law (including regulations).

(B) Authority

(i) In general As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, the Corporation shall offer to enter into 3 or more contracts with qualified entities to carry out research and development regarding a policy to insure the production of aquacultural species in aquaculture operations.

(ii) Bivalve species At least 1 of the contracts described in clause (i) shall address insurance of bivalve species, including—

(I) American oysters (crassostrea virginica);

(II) hard clams (mercenaria mercenaria);

(III) Pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas);

(IV) Manila clams (tapes phillipinnarium); or

(V) blue mussels (mytilus edulis).

(iii) Freshwater species At least 1 of the contracts described in clause (i) shall address insurance of freshwater species, including—

(I) catfish (icataluridae);

(II) rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss);

(III) largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides);

(IV) striped bass (morone saxatilis);

(V) bream (abramis brama);

(VI) shrimp (penaeus); or

(VII) tilapia (oreochromis niloticus).

(iv) Saltwater species At least 1 of the contracts described in clause (i) shall address insurance of saltwater species, including—

(I) Atlantic salmon (salmo salar); or

(II) shrimp (penaeus).

Research and development described in subparagraph (B) shall evaluate the effectiveness of policies and plans of insurance for the production of aquacultural species in aquaculture operations, including policies and plans of insurance that—

(i) are based on market prices and yields;

(ii) to the extent that insufficient data exist to develop a policy based on market prices and yields, evaluate how best to incorporate insuring of production of aquacultural species in aquaculture operations into existing policies covering adjusted gross revenue; and

(iii) provide protection for production or revenue losses, or both.

(13) Poultry insurance policy

(A) Definition of poultry

In this paragraph, the term “poultry” has the meaning given the term in section 182 of this title.

(B) Authority

The Corporation shall offer to enter into 1 or more contracts with qualified entities to carry out research and development regarding a policy to insure commercial poultry production.

Research and development described in subparagraph (B) shall evaluate the effectiveness of risk management tools for the production of poultry, including policies and plans of insurance that provide protection for production or revenue losses, or both, while the poultry is in production.

(14) Apiary policies

The Corporation shall offer to enter into a contract with a qualified entity to carry out research and development regarding insurance policies that cover loss of bees.

(15) Adjusted gross revenue policies for beginning producers

The Corporation shall offer to enter into a contract with a qualified entity to carry out research and development into needed modifications of adjusted gross revenue insurance policies, consistent with principles of actuarial sufficiency, to permit coverage for beginning producers with no previous production history, including permitting those producers to have production and premium rates based on information with similar farming operations.

(16) Skiprow cropping practices

(A) In general

The Corporation shall offer to enter into a contract with a qualified entity to carry out research into needed modifications of policies to insure corn and sorghum produced in the Central Great Plains (as determined by the Agricultural Research Service) through use of skiprow cropping practices.

(B) Research

Research described in subparagraph (A) shall—

(i) review existing research on skiprow cropping practices and actual production history of producers using skiprow cropping practices; and

(ii) evaluate the effectiveness of risk management tools for producers using skiprow cropping practices, including—

(I) the appropriateness of rules in existence as of the date of enactment of this paragraph relating to the determination of acreage planted in skiprow patterns; and

(II) whether policies for crops produced through skiprow cropping practices reflect actual production capabilities.

(17) Relation to limitations

A policy developed under this subsection may be prepared without regard to the limitations of this subchapter, including—

(A) the requirement concerning the levels of coverage and rates; and

(B) the requirement that the price level for each insured agricultural commodity must equal the expected market price for the agricultural commodity, as established by the Board.

(d) Partnerships for risk management development and implementation

(1) Purpose

The purpose of this subsection is to authorize the Corporation to enter into partnerships with public and private entities for the purpose of increasing the availability of loss mitigation, financial, and other risk management tools for producers, with a priority given to risk management tools for producers of agricultural commodities covered by section 7333 of this title, specialty crops, and underserved agricultural commodities.

(2) Authority

The Corporation may enter into partnerships with the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Agricultural Research Service, the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, and other appropriate public and private entities with demonstrated capabilities in developing and implementing risk management and marketing options for producers of specialty crops and underserved agricultural commodities.

(3) Objectives

The Corporation may enter into a partnership under paragraph (2)—

(A) to enhance the notice and timeliness of notice of weather conditions that could negatively affect crop yields, quality, and final product use in order to allow producers to take preventive actions to increase end product profitability and marketability and to reduce the possibility of crop insurance claims;

(B) to develop a multifaceted approach to pest management and fertilization to decrease inputs, decrease environmental exposure, and increase application efficiency;

(C) to develop or improve techniques for planning, breeding, planting, growing, maintaining, harvesting, storing, shipping, and marketing that will address quality and quantity challenges associated with year-to-year and regional variations;

(D) to clarify labor requirements and assist producers in complying with requirements to better meet the physically intense and time-compressed planting, tending, and harvesting requirements associated with the production of specialty crops and underserved agricultural commodities;

(E) to provide assistance to State foresters or equivalent officials for the prescribed use of burning on private forest land for the prevention, control, and suppression of fire;

(F) to provide producers with training and informational opportunities so that the producers will be better able to use financial management, crop insurance, marketing contracts, and other existing and emerging risk management tools; and

(G) to develop other risk management tools to further increase economic and production stability.

(e) Funding

(1) Reimbursements

Of the amounts made available from the insurance fund established under section 1516 (c) of this title, the Corporation may use to provide reimbursements under subsection (b) of this section not more than $7,500,000 for fiscal year 2008 and each subsequent fiscal year ^[3]

(2) Contracting

(A) Authority

Of the amounts made available from the insurance fund established under section 1516 (c) of this title, the Corporation may use to carry out contracting and partnerships under subsections (c) and (d) of this section not more than $12,500,000 for fiscal year 2008 and each subsequent fiscal year.

(B) Underserved States

Of the amount made available under subparagraph (A) for a fiscal year, the Corporation shall use not more than $5,000,000 for the fiscal year to carry out contracting for research and development to carry out the purpose described in subsection (c)(1)(A) of this section.

(3) Unused funding

If the Corporation determines that the amount available to provide either reimbursement payments or contract payments under this section for a fiscal year is not needed for such purposes, the Corporation may use—

(A) not more than $5,000,000 for each fiscal year to improve program integrity, including by—

(i) increasing compliance-related training;

(ii) improving analysis tools and technology regarding compliance;

(iii) use of information technology, as determined by the Corporation; and

(iv) identifying and using innovative compliance strategies; and

(B) any excess amounts to carry out other activities authorized under this section.

(4) Prohibited research and development by Corporation

(A) New policies

Notwithstanding subsection (d) of this section, on and after October 1, 2000, the Corporation shall not conduct research and development for any new policy for an agricultural commodity offered under this subchapter.

(B) Existing policies

Any policy developed by the Corporation under this subchapter before that date may continue to be offered for sale to producers.

[1] So in original. The second closing parenthesis probably should not appear.

[2] So in original. Probably should be “paragraph”.

[3] So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.

U.S. Code

§ 1522. Research and development